Search for the Elusive DARK MATTER Continues....

Cosmic rays are high-energy electrons that are found throughout space and are accelerated when stars explode in supernovae. But a balloon-borne detector flying over Antarctica called the Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) has detected 70 more high-energy electrons than the normal background level attributed to supernova blasts.The experiment consisted of three flights around Antarctica at an altitude of about 23 miles above earth's surface, carried by an enormous helium balloon that expands until it would be big enough to fill a football stadium.

The detector uses the principle of ionization calorimetry: several layers of the scintillator bismuth germanate emit light as they are struck by particles, allowing to compute the cosmic rays' energy. A silicon matrix is used to determine the cosmic rays' electrical charge.

In November 2008, researchers published in Nature, the finding of a surplus of high energy electrons. During a 5-week observatory period in 2000 and 2003, ATIC counted 70 electrons with energies in the range 300-800 GeV; these electrons were in excess of those expected from the galactic background. The source of these electrons is unknown, but it is assumed to be relatively close, no more than about 3000 lightyears away, since high energy electrons rapidly lose energy as they travel through the galactic magnetic field and collide with photons.The electrons could come from a nearby astrophysical object, such as a pulsar, that lies within 3000 light years from Earth. But the team has spent four years trying to fit the signal to such an object and has yet to find a good match.

Alternative:

The alternative is that the electrons were produced when two dark matter particles met and destroyed(annihilated) each other.That hypothesis is strengthened by the electrons' observed energies, which range from 300 to 800 gigaelectronvolts.

According to Wefel,"There is nothing that we know of in high-energy physics or astrophysics that happens in this energy range".

What's more, the signal peaked at 650 GeV and then rapidly declined to the background level at 800 GeV. According to Wefel, this is the kind of signature you would expect if a type of exotic particle known as a Kaluza Klein particle was the dark matter culprit, with the peak at 650 GeV corresponding to its mass. This type of particle is a WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle), one of the most promising candidates for dark matter, and comes from theories in which the universe has extra spatial dimensions. These extra dimensions can only be detected by observing WIMPS that have leaked into the four dimensions (three of space and one of time) that are familiar to us.

In 2007, NASA's WMAP satellite, which measures the big bang's afterglow, picked up an excess of microwaves from around the centre of our galaxy. This 'WMAP haze' could be radiation produced when dark matter particles collide.A few months ago, another group found tantalising hints of dark matter in antimatter measurements taken by a detector known as PAMELA.

So how do the results from ATIC fit in with these?

Though the data from PAMELA cover a different energy range from the ATIC signal, Wefel believes that "there is no contradiction between ATIC and PAMELA, at least to within the uncertainties on the presently available data.It is possible that we may be observing the same source."

But ATIC has detected 200 times more potential dark matter than WMAP did at the galactic centre. "We need a boost factor of 200 for the results to be compatible," says Wefel. "So either the WMAP haze is wrong, the theory is wrong, or dark matter is not uniformly distributed(this is how u speculate :)) all over the place."

With so many unanswered questions, will we ever be able to say conclusively that dark matter has been spotted? Experiments such as the recently launched Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope should continue to discover new possible sources of dark matter. These sources will need to be studied in other wavelengths and with other instruments in order to determine their properties.Physicists eventually hope that the LHC(Large Hadron Collider) is able to create dark matter particles when it finally gets into the running condition.Then it can be seen if any of them have the capability to produce the electron signal that ATIC observed.

How long before the search is given up?

Until Fermi and other instruments run out of new source discoveries,this elusive search will continue.Meanwhile other experiments will try to study the electrons in more detail to see if they can 'pin down' the signature of dark matter annihilation.

However the pieces fit together, other experts say the ATIC discovery is intriguing. That's because there are still some questions about what accelerates electrons and other charged particles in space, called cosmic rays.

Even if all this proves not to be dark matter, the puzzle of how these very high-energy cosmic rays are produced will still be a mystery and further work based on these rather intriguing ideas would continue to delve the human mind for years to come.

THE TAJ GROUP 'BOON' FOR THE VARANASI WEAVERS

Their sense of pride was heart-rendering says designer Jai Ramrakhiani. Despite poverty and death knocking at their doorsteps, these weavers would earn their meals rather than take charity even for their malnourished children. Even God has been unable to provide a helping hand. More than 50 suicides in the last couple of years and closure of hundreds of the local hand loom units have taken a toll on the once famous weavers of the Mughal Era. On account of the recent boom in the cloth manufacturing industry owing to the power looms coming into picture, sarees have become cheaper and faster to produce, greatly contributing to the downfall of this local industry that employs nearly half-a-million artisans.

But now, the entering of the Taj Group in the local scenario have seen to stabilize the much dreaded situation. Initially a handful of non-government organizations have been trying to save these people from their deaths but starvation, malnutrition,selling of blood and babies for food have greatly diminished the hopes of these weavers for long. The efforts of R K Krishna, the Vice Chairman of Indian Hotels, Tata company which runs the Taj Group of Hotels and his wife Ratna, aided by a 550 women strong elite batch from the front desks of the Taj Group who started buying these elegant sarees made by the weavers led the sales and marketing team to quickly grab onto this fresh opportunity.

But the start wasn't as easy as it looks. Hurt by the empty promises of the "middlemen" especially in the past, the weavers were a little skeptical about working with the Taj Group. Even then initial talks were very apprehensive. To win over their confidence, the Taj Group opened up medical camps in three villages to deal with the ailing people, installed water pumps, brought in solar lamps to an otherwise electricity hampered area. As the mutual understanding grew, work started rapidly. Payments were made on the spot unlike earlier times. The Taj Group pays them Rs 1800 per saree and assures them of work for atleast two sarees a month. Seeking such assurance, more and more weavers are enrolling and this seems to be a positive step in betterment of their lives.

The Taj Group has shown the way for a better India and its up to the other corporate houses to take the initiative and take steps for a more culturally and socially developed country.

The Maths of Life!!!!

Scary But Quite True
Smart Man + Smart Woman = Romance

Smart Man + Dumb Woman = Pregnancy

Dumb Man + Smart Woman = Affair

Dumb Man+ Dumb Woman = Marriage

Smart Boss + Smart Employee = Profit

Smart Boss + Dumb Employee = Production

Dumb Boss + Smart Employee = Promotion

Dumb Boss + Dumb Employee = Overtime

A man will pay Rs 200 for a Rs 100 item, which he needs.

A woman will pay Rs 100 for a Rs 200 item, which she doesn't need.

A woman worries about the future until she gets a husband.

A man never worries about the future until he gets a wife.

A successful man is one who makes more money than his wife can spend.

A successful woman is one who can find such a man.

To be happy with a man, u must understand him a lot and love him a little.

To be happy with a woman u must love her a lot and not try to understand her at all.

Married men live longer than a single man, but married men are a lot more willing to die.

FACEBOOK TOOL that "SPIES" via Mobile

A newly developed Facebook Tool is giving suspicious partners an electronic map to "spy" on the location of their spouses.

SNIFF or The Social Network Integrated Friend Finder is the latest application that is offering this enduring aspect of locating suspicious spouses aytime and anywhere. "Sniffing" works on the principle that a mobile sends a signal from base stations, and a positioning software performs a triangular calculation based on the information from the base stations and converts into a geographical location that can be tracked on your mobile.

However, since privacy is of greater importance, this technique should be used by people whom we can trust. Travellers can make use of this technology to find their wherabouts in a foreign city. But like every piece of technology has its own negative aspects, organizations can use it to track down employees who may be enjoying a secret liaison, thus invading their privacy.

Howsoever it may be used, this service can already be rendered useful around a location of radius of about 200 metres from the source.. So don't bank on this piece of technology if u were to "spy" on your spouse or other friends from a relatively "long" distance because then u gotta "move along" with the person u wanna track [:D]

"THE WALLPAPER PROBLEM"

You may have wondered many times as to why a sheet of wallpaper refuses to tear neatly from your wall despite taking all precautions and you end up paying to decorate your walls again. An international team of researchers probably has the answers to your problem.

The Centre National de la Reserche Scientifique(CNRS), Paris, the Universidad de Santiago, Chile and the MIT together worked on the problem and said that the phenomenon of "The Wallpaper Problem" is actually based on the laws of physics. The researchers said that the pattern where the two cracks propagate towards each other to meet at a point is extremely robust, and it applies not only to the wallpaper,but also to other adhesives like the tape.

According to them, the ubiquitous triangular tears arise from interactions between three inherent properties of adhesive materials-elasticity(stiffness), adhesive energy (how strongly the adhesive sticks to a surface) and fracture energy(how tough it is to rip). Based on these three properties, the research team developed a formulation that predicts the angle of the triangle formed. They said that as the strip is pulled, energy builed up in the fold that forms where the tape is peeling from the surface. The tape can realease th energy in two ways:
1. By unpeeling from its surface and
2. By becoming narrower, both of which it does.

"LAUGHING GAS" THREAT IS NO "LAUGHING" MATTER

Scientists claim that Nitrous Oxide[N2O], popularly known as "laughing gas", is being released in the environment by a number of species of bacteria.

Nitrous Oxide, a greenhouse gas,emissions are a problem that requires urgent attention and needs to be dealt more seriously according to Prof. David Richardson[ University of East Anglia,Norwich,UK ].According to the Prof., Nitrous Oxide makes up only 9% of the total greenhouse gas emissions,majors being carbondioxide and methane,but it has 300 times more global warming potential than the majors. The reason being N2O can survive for nearly 150 years in the atmosphere, and hence it has been recognized in the Kyoto Protocol as one of the major greenhouse gases that needs urgent attention.

The major areas of its emission are from waste treatment plants and agriculture. Its emissions are increasing at the rate of 0.25% every year.

The main reason for such a many-fold increase in the emission is that many species of bacteria, infesting the marshy areas like municipal sewage treatment plants,landfill sites,etc, are able to switch over to using nitrates for their own respiration in the absence of oxygen or low levels of oxygen due to increase in their population in a relatively small area. This process of 'denitrification' releases N2O in huge quantities. Researchers are now trying to understand the significant environmental variables that make the different species of bacteria release N2O in such enduring quantities .According to Prof. Richardson "Global warming affects everybody, and understanding the biology of N2O emissions will provide for an important step in mitigating their impact."

We are now in urgent need of developing better strategies to control the N2O emissions otherwise it may prove to be a graver problem later in the 21st century, for us, for our children and for our grandchildren.

Indian Hockey Get Ruined Thanks To The Management!!!

Sunday,10th Feb 2008 dubbed as one of the most grevious day of the Indian hockey, deserves to be rightly called so.But blaming it on the players should be last thing on our minds,for its more of the Indian Hockey Federation(IHF) dismal "thinking"(if u may call them "thoughtful") that led to the collapse of the once glorious and cherished sport .

India for the first time, since 80 years, starting from the 1920's(1928 precisely) have been knocked in the Olympic qualifiers. Though a more readily available faction may comment frantically on the poor show of the Indian players when it most mattered, the biting reality is the "dark"(disturbingly unscrupulous) administration of the management going on for nearly a couple of decades that led to, above all, that led to the physchological downfall of the players.

During the late 1980's, Indian hockey was on a losing spree. It took the year of 1991 to fend some starfall on an otherwise gloomy sport. A cracker of a shot from Mukesh Shah,a young winger made all the difference in the Azlan Shah Cup, that carved out the fabulous victory for India against arch rivals Pakistan. A few days later a handful of journalists enquired about the match fees and rewards that might be offered to the Indian players on this account to the then federation President, Raghu Nandan Prasad. Back came his crude reply," I gave them air tickets, organized board and lodging. Aur Kya doon?(What else should i give?)Taj Mahal?". The reporters were shocked but even more shocking news was to follow soon. Reports later indicated that the team's tickets were instead brought by the HRD ministry and that Prasad was merely bluffing. Also it was the Malaysian organisers that took care of the players' boarding and lodging. Following a 'national outcry', Prasad was later forced to annouce a sum of 1 lakh to the team though i doubt if it ever arrived[citation needed].

Coming back to "our very own" Mr K.P.S. Gill "sahab"(regional slang intended), he once told a news magazine that match fees was BRIBERY. When he made that comment the IPL hadn't yet started. "Wonder what he has got to say now". I truly admire Dhanraj Pillay for what he did might not be viewed as the wisest thing to do but nonetheless he stood up for something he believed. As the captain of the team, he organized a protest on the eve of the India-Pakistan Series in 1998, but incidentally our Gill "sahab" refused to "bribe" them. And despite winning the Gold at the Asian Games after a gap of 32 years,which i reckon didn't appease our Gill "sahab" well enough,six players were sacked. In this way, he demolished another protest to be before the advent of another series thus dissipating the swords that were once drawn by Dhanraj Pillai. The telecast rights of the series were sold to Doordarshan, that too after paying a hefty 20% commission. Once journalists got an interesting fact that Gill "sahab" spent 7.8 lakhs on telephone bills and a miserly 2.5lakhs on players' welfare.[citation needed]

The Chilean chills probably did the job for the already demoralized Indian team that once held its head high in the international arena, thanks to the "unfaithful" federation, now rank as one of the underdogs of the truly glorious sport.

However we do seem to see some different equations with the federation now that there is a rumour that Indian hockey might select a new IHF president with the immediate removal of the in-command Mr Gill, though their is no guarantee that this is a wiser move with the advent of coming of Mr Mani Shankar Aiyar, Sports Minister who seems to be the most likely candidate for the post herewith. With the recent incident in mind and the rousing of national conciousness hopefully Indian hockey is taking its first steps towards a new beginning. However the debacle over whether the Indian team will be ever able to rise to its former glory remains uncertain and gloomy. Only time will tell whether we move forth in the right direction or still take another despondent move towards yet another dead end.

Gravitational Lensing

In general relativity, the presence of matter (energy density) can curve space-time, and the path of a light ray will be deflected as a result. This process is called gravitational lensing and in many cases can be described in analogy to the deflection of light by (e.g. glass) lenses in optics. Many useful results for cosmology have come out of using this property of matter and light.

There are different regimes: strong lensing, weak lensing and microlensing. The distinction between these regimes depends on the positions of the source, lens and observer, and the mass and shape of the lens.

1.Strong Lensing
The most extreme bending of light is when the lens is very massive and the source is close enough to it : in this case light can take different paths to the observer and more than one image of the source will appear.

If the source varies with time, the multiple images will vary with time as well. However, the light doesn't travel the same distance to each image, due to the bending of space. So there will be time delays for the changes in the images. These time delays can be used to calculate the hubble constant H0. A few systems with these time delays have been found and are under study. Much of the subtlety in this work lies with constructing the model of the mass distribution forming the lens.In some special cases the alignment of the source and the lens will be such that light will be deflected to the observer in an "Einstein ring." One of these was observed in 1998.More often than a ring, the source may get stretched out and curved, and form a tangential or radial arc. A lot of mass is needed to cause an arc to appear, so that properties of arcs (numbers, size, geometry) can often be used to study massive objects like clusters .

2.Weak Lensing
In many cases the lens is not strong enough to form multiple images or arcs. However, the source can still be distorted: both stretched (shear) and magnified (convergence). If all sources were well known in size and shape, one could just use the shear and convergence to deduce the properties of the lens. However, usually one does not know the intrinsic properties of the sources, but has information about the average properties. The statistics of the sources can then be used to get information about the lens. For instance, galaxies in general aren't perfectly spherical, but if one has a collection of galaxies one doesn't expect them all to be lined up. Thus, if this set of galaxies is lensed, on average, or statistically, there will be some overall shear and/or convergence imposed on the distribution, which will give information about the intervening lens(es).
There is a distribution of galaxies far enough away that can be treated as sources, and thus clusters nearby can be "weighed" (i.e. have their mass measured) using their lensing. Superclusters have been considered as well. In addition, theories of cosmology predict the distribution of large scale structure, the distribution of matter in the universe. The statistical properties of the large scale structure (e.g. the probability of finding a galaxy at one place when there is another a certain distance away) can also be measured by weak lensing, because the matter will produce shear and convergence in distant sources (which can be galaxies, or the cosmic microwave background, for example). Weak lensing is a useful complement to measures of the distribution of luminous mass such as galaxy surveys. Lensing measures all the mass, in particular the dark matter as well as the luminous matter.

3.Microlensing
In some cases the lensing is of an image that is so small or faint that one doesn't see the multiple images-- the additional light bent towards the observer just means that the source appears brighter. (The surface brightness remains unchanged but as more images of the object appear the object appears bigger and hence brighter.) This lensing can have effects in many measurements, as sources which would have otherwise been too dim become visible. This can be helpful, as when one wants to view objects that would otherwise be too far away. It can also be a problem, for example when one is trying to measure all objects brighter than a certain amount in a certain region and lensing introduces objects by magnifying objects enough to bring them into the sample.

There are ongoing searches to use lensing to find a type of dark matter called MACHOs (massive compact halo objects). Although MACHOs, as dark matter, cannot be seen themselves, if they pass in front of a source (e.g. a star nearby), they can cause the star to become brighter for a while, e.g. days or weeks. This effect has been observed but determinations of the "dark matter" are not yet conclusive.

TEAM INDIA UP AGAINST LEANDER

The leading Indian Mixed-doubles Champion Mahesh Bhupathi along with a few leading Indian Singles players like Rohan Bopanna, Prakash Amritraj and Karan Rastogi have put forward a formal complaint to the All Indian Tennis Association (AITA) regarding the unprofessional behaviour of Leander Paes, the Team Captain for the Davis Cup.
Certain aspects of Paes' Captaincy has been bothering the players,namely:

1. Lack of confidence in Paes' decision making skills as in not playing Amritraj on Day 1 for the Uzbekistan tie. According to Paes, Amritraj had a stomach problem, however the latter refused to have any such problem and claims he was fit to play.

2. Lack of support or communication through the year even when Paes and his teammates were playing the same tourneys.

3. Captaincy woes exist as the players are not in sync with the captain's thinking and strategy plans.

4. Lack on punctuality on Paes's behalf during Davis Cup ties.

5. According to the above metioned players, Paes runs them down during press conferences which grealtly demoralises them and thwarts team chemistry.

The above players believe that this kind of team-spirit would mar the progress of Indian tennis and would be detrimental to their individual confidence. Confirming the above statements Amritraj stated that though they would love to play for their country, they are unwilling to play the Davis Cup if Paes retains his captaincy. He even stated that "He(Paes) has basically killed the joy for us."

AITA secretary Mr. Khanna confirmed to have received the formal complaint and states that this is an internal matter and assures that it will be sorted out amicably in the best interests of Indian Tennis. Repeated attempts to communicate with Paes for his comments on the issue remained unanswered.

Reduce Temporary Internet File Space

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The temporary internet files clutter your hard drive with copies of each page visited. These can build up over time and take up disk space. Even more bothersome is that instead of getting new pages each time IE often takes the page out the temp internet files. This can be a problem if you are viewing a website that is updated all the time. If you are on a slow connection such as a 56K or lower then this can be good but if you are on a fast broadband connection then you can get away with decreasing the size of your temp internet files to just one MB without any performance decrease.


-Launch 'Internet Explorer'.
-Select the 'Tools' from the menu bar.
-Then select 'Internet Options'... from the drop down menu.
-Once the internet options has loaded click on the 'general' tab.
-Under the 'temporary internet files section' click the 'settings' button.
-A settings window will load. 'Slide the slider all the way to the left so the size indicated in the text box on the right is one'.
Click OK
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Windows XP-Tips and Tricks

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Disable error reporting 

Open 'Control Panel' 

Click on 'Performance and Maintenance'. 

Click on 'System'. 

Then click on the 'Advanced' tab 

Click on the 'error-reporting' button on the bottom of the windows. 

Select 'Disable error reporting'. 

Click OK.

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Yet there remains a great deal of confusion about just what nanotechnology is, both among the ordinary people whose lives will be changed by the new science, and among the policymakers who wittingly or unwittingly will help steer its course. Unsurprisingly, some of the confusion is actually caused by the increased attention—sensationalistic reporting and creative license have done little to prepare society for the hard decisions that the development of nanotechnology will make necessary.

Much of the confusion, however, comes from the scientists and engineers themselves, because they apply the name “nanotechnology” to two different things—that is, to two distinct but related fields of research, one with the potential to improve today’s world, the other with the potential to utterly remake or even destroy it. The meaning that nanotechnology holds for our future depends on which definition of the word “nanotechnology” pans out. Thus any understanding of the implications of nanotechnology must begin by sorting out its history and its strange dual meaning.

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the creation and utilization of materials, devices, and systems through the control of matter on the nanometer length scale—at the level of atoms, molecules, and supra-molecular structures. The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to work at these levels to generate larger structures with fundamentally new properties and molecular organization. These “nanostructures,” made with building blocks understood from first principles, are the smallest human-made objects and exhibit novel physical, chemical, and biological properties and phe-nomena. Nanotechnology’s goal is to exploit these properties and efficiently manufacture and employ the structures.
Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly impact environmental protection through understanding and control of emissions from a wide range of sources, development of new “green” technologies that minimize the production of undesirable byproducts, and remediation of existing waste sites and polluted water sources. Nanotechnology has the potential to remove the finest contaminants from water supplies and air as well as continuously measure and mitigate pollutants in the environment.
Nanotechnology will be a strategic branch of science and engineering for the next century and will fundamentally restructure many current technologies. Control of matter on the nanoscale already plays an important role in scientific disciplines as diverse as physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, medicine, engineering, and computer simulation. A number of environmental and energy technologies already have benefited substantially from nanotechnology in the areas of reduced waste and improved energy efficiency, environmentally benign composite structures, waste remediation, and energy conversion.
Complex physical processes involving nanoscale structures are essential to phenomena that govern the sequestration, release, mobility, and bioavailability of nutrients and contaminants in the natural environment. Processes at the interfaces between physical and biological systems have relevance to health and biocomplexity issues. Increased knowledge of the dynamics of processes specific to nanoscale structures in natural systems not only will improve understanding of transport and bioavailability, but also lead to the development of nanotechnologies useful in preventing or mitigating environmental harm.